Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a native of Iowa prairie grass, cultivated for forage and biomass production. During the 1990s, biomass and seeds result from switchgrass grown in southern Iowa began to decline, and the reduction has been associated with an unidentified illness. In 1999, many of the plants in the fields previously-inferior results were stunted and bloom prematurely.
Glumes have purple pigmentation as usual, and grains have been replaced by fungal spores. A smut fungus identified as Tilletia maclaganii (Berk.) G.P. Clinton (1) was associated consistently with a field that produces bad. Teliospores red-orange when immature and turn brown as they mature. Teliospores round to slightly irregular, ≈18 to 25 pM diameter, finely verrucose, with thick exospore. Completely sterile cells are also present. T. maclaganii infect switchgrass and has been previously reported in Iowa (2), although only occasionally in the country’s native switchgrass.
The prevalence and incidence of disease were surveyed at the end of August 1999. A weighted random sampling procedure used to select the field of switchgrass production from 60 fields involved in the Chariton Valley Biomass Project. Fields are located in Appanoose, Lucas, Monroe and Wayne counties in southern Iowa. The sampling procedure was designed so that the probability of each of the selected field is proportional to its area. This resulted in samples taken from 17 fields representing ≈50% of the total of 60 fields.
All field samples are planted with dominant cultivars, Cave-in-Rock. In every field, five samples of 1-m2 (≈60 250 seedlings) were taken from arbitrary points. Nasty incident (the percentage of seedlings with smut) was calculated for each sample. Smut was found in 15 of 17 areas. We estimate that 50-82% of switchgrass production area in the district filled with T. maclaganii. The mean incidence of nasty estimated 10.1% of all the chicks in the area. Incidents in the respective field ranged from 0 to 70%. The fields with incidence> 50% produce less than half of the expected biomass. Some seed-production fields infested with a total loss in 1999. This disease presents a serious threat to the cultivation of switchgrass for biomass production in southern Iowa.
The disease cycle for T. maclaganii is poorly documented, but because switchgrass is a perennial species, there is a possibility that the affected areas will have a recurring epidemic. Other cultivar susceptibility is unknown but needs to be investigated. References: (1) G. W. Fischer. 1953. Manual North America Smut Fungi. Ronald Press, NY. (2) J. C. Gilman and W. A. Archer. Mushrooms of Iowa parasites on plants
Outbreak of Smut Caused by Tilletia maclaganii on Cultivated Switchgrass in Iowa.
The first report Walnut Canker Caused by Fusarium incarnatum of India.
While screening newly introduced cultivars of walnut (Juglans regia) in Bhaderwah (Mini Kashmir), Jammu and Kashmir, India in September 2008, 60% of grafted plants was found dying of malefic growth observed in seedling stems.
Then, this phenomenon extended to the lateral branches. In the nurseries surveyed, cvs. SKU 0002 and Opex Dachaubaria that are affected by this disease. Cancer is also observed across all walnut nursery in an area with some wild seedlings are also being observed will exhibit symptoms similar malefic on the trunk and branches.
Description: Clusterin is a secreted protein which belongs to the Clusterin family. Clusterin is expressed in adult testis, heart, ovary, adrenal gland, brain and liver. Clusterin has been suggested to be involved in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition,Clusterin is up/ down regulated on the mRNA or protein level in many pathological and clinically relevant situations including cancer, organ regeneration, infection, Alzheimer disease, retinitis pigmentosa, myocardial infarction, renal tubular damage, autoimmunity and others.
Description: Clusterin is a secreted protein which belongs to the Clusterin family. Clusterin is expressed in adult testis, heart, ovary, adrenal gland, brain and liver. Clusterin has been suggested to be involved in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition,Clusterin is up/ down regulated on the mRNA or protein level in many pathological and clinically relevant situations including cancer, organ regeneration, infection, Alzheimer disease, retinitis pigmentosa, myocardial infarction, renal tubular damage, autoimmunity and others.
Description: Clusterin(CLU) is a secreted protein which belongs to the clusterin family. It is also a 75 - 80 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis. Clusterin is an enigmatic glycoprotein with a nearly ubiquitous tissue distribution and an apparent involvement in biological processes ranging from mammary gland involution to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Its major form, a heterodimer, is secreted and present in physiological fluids, but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified. It is a widely distributed glycoprotein with a wide range of biologic properties. A prominent and defining feature of clusterin is its marked induction in such disease states as glomerulonephritis, cystic renal disease, renal tubular injury, neurodegenerative conditions, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Upregulation of clusterin mRNA and protein levels detected in diverse disease states and in in vitro systems have led to suggestions that it functions in membrane lipid recycling, in apoptotic cell death, and as a stress-induced secreted chaperone protein, amongst others.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Clusterin from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Clusterin antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Clusterin at AA range: 370-450
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Clusterin from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Clusterin antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Clusterin at AA range: 370-450
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Clusterin from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Clusterin antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Clusterin at AA range: 370-450
Description: Clusterin (CLU) is also known as dimeric acidic glycoprotein (DAG protein), testosterone repressed prostate message-2 (TRPM-2), sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) and complement lysis inhibitor (CLI), is a secreted multifunctional glycoprotein protein which belongs to the clusterin family. Intracellular cleavages of the precursor of clusterin remove the signal peptide and generate comparably sized α and β chains which are secreted as an 80 kDa Nglycosylated disulfidelinked heterodimer. DAG protein is predominantly expressed in adult testis, ovary, adrenal gland, liver, heart, and brain and in many epithelial tissues during embryonic development. Clusterin involve in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. Upregulation of clusterin mRNA and protein levels detected in diverse disease states and in in vitro systems have led to suggestions that it functions in membrane lipid recycling, in apoptotic cell death, and as a stress-induced secreted chaperone protein, amongst others.
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Clusterin . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Clusterin from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Clusterin from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: Clusterin Human Recombinant produced in HEK is a glycosylated, polypeptide chain containing 438 amino acids and having a molecular mass of 51.27 kDa. ;Clusterin (1-427 a.a.) is fused to 11 a.a. flag tag at c-terminal and purified by proprietary chromatographic techniques.
Description: Clusterin shares homology with the small heat shock protein family of molecular chaperones. The mature secreted form of the protein is a glycosylated, 80-kDa disulfide-linked heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits (produced by internal cleavage). Clusterin is expressed in virtually all tissues and found in all human fluids. It is involved in numerous physiological processes important for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, including apoptotic cell death, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, cell adhesion, tissue remodeling, lipid transportation, membrane recycling, and immune system regulation. Clusterin also exists as a nuclear protein. The secreted form of Clusterin has extracellular chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities while the nuclear form acts as a proapoptotic factor.
Description: Clusterin shares homology with the small heat shock protein family of molecular chaperones. The mature secreted form of the protein is a glycosylated, 80-kDa disulfide-linked heterodimer of alpha and beta subunits (produced by internal cleavage). Clusterin is expressed in virtually all tissues and found in all human fluids. It is involved in numerous physiological processes important for carcinogenesis and tumor growth, including apoptotic cell death, cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, cell adhesion, tissue remodeling, lipid transportation, membrane recycling, and immune system regulation. Clusterin also exists as a nuclear protein. The secreted form of Clusterin has extracellular chaperone and anti-apoptotic activities while the nuclear form acts as a proapoptotic factor.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Bovine Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Bovine Clusterin(CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Chicken Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Chicken Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Duck Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Duck Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Goat Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Goat Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitativecompetitive ELISA kit for measuring Horse Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativecompetitive ELISA kit for measuring Horse Clusterin(CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
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Necrotic lesions of malefic tissue on the surface disinfested seedlings with 0.4% NaOCl for 1 minute and malefic disinfected tissue is grown on potato dextrose agar (250 g potato, dextrose 15 g, agar 15 g, distilled water -1 liter). A Fusarium sp. consistently isolated from tissues malefic, which is purified using a single spore culture. Carnations so that the leaves are used to further the cultural identification
