Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a native of Iowa prairie grass, cultivated for forage and biomass production. During the 1990s, biomass and seeds result from switchgrass grown in southern Iowa began to decline, and the reduction has been associated with an unidentified illness. In 1999, many of the plants in the fields previously-inferior results were stunted and bloom prematurely.
Glumes have purple pigmentation as usual, and grains have been replaced by fungal spores. A smut fungus identified as Tilletia maclaganii (Berk.) G.P. Clinton (1) was associated consistently with a field that produces bad. Teliospores red-orange when immature and turn brown as they mature. Teliospores round to slightly irregular, ≈18 to 25 pM diameter, finely verrucose, with thick exospore. Completely sterile cells are also present. T. maclaganii infect switchgrass and has been previously reported in Iowa (2), although only occasionally in the country’s native switchgrass.
The prevalence and incidence of disease were surveyed at the end of August 1999. A weighted random sampling procedure used to select the field of switchgrass production from 60 fields involved in the Chariton Valley Biomass Project. Fields are located in Appanoose, Lucas, Monroe and Wayne counties in southern Iowa. The sampling procedure was designed so that the probability of each of the selected field is proportional to its area. This resulted in samples taken from 17 fields representing ≈50% of the total of 60 fields.
All field samples are planted with dominant cultivars, Cave-in-Rock. In every field, five samples of 1-m2 (≈60 250 seedlings) were taken from arbitrary points. Nasty incident (the percentage of seedlings with smut) was calculated for each sample. Smut was found in 15 of 17 areas. We estimate that 50-82% of switchgrass production area in the district filled with T. maclaganii. The mean incidence of nasty estimated 10.1% of all the chicks in the area. Incidents in the respective field ranged from 0 to 70%. The fields with incidence> 50% produce less than half of the expected biomass. Some seed-production fields infested with a total loss in 1999. This disease presents a serious threat to the cultivation of switchgrass for biomass production in southern Iowa.
The disease cycle for T. maclaganii is poorly documented, but because switchgrass is a perennial species, there is a possibility that the affected areas will have a recurring epidemic. Other cultivar susceptibility is unknown but needs to be investigated. References: (1) G. W. Fischer. 1953. Manual North America Smut Fungi. Ronald Press, NY. (2) J. C. Gilman and W. A. Archer. Mushrooms of Iowa parasites on plants
Outbreak of Smut Caused by Tilletia maclaganii on Cultivated Switchgrass in Iowa.
The first report Walnut Canker Caused by Fusarium incarnatum of India.
While screening newly introduced cultivars of walnut (Juglans regia) in Bhaderwah (Mini Kashmir), Jammu and Kashmir, India in September 2008, 60% of grafted plants was found dying of malefic growth observed in seedling stems.
Then, this phenomenon extended to the lateral branches. In the nurseries surveyed, cvs. SKU 0002 and Opex Dachaubaria that are affected by this disease. Cancer is also observed across all walnut nursery in an area with some wild seedlings are also being observed will exhibit symptoms similar malefic on the trunk and branches.
Description: Clusterin Antibody: Clusterin, also known as Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), is a ubiquitous multifunctional glycoprotein that can interact with a broad spectrum of molecules such as complement components, various receptors, and the Alzheimer's b-amyloid peptide. Clusterin expression is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue and clusterin-immunoreactive amyloid plaques are found associated with phospho-tau-positive dystrophic neurites and it has been suggested that clusterin facilitates the conversion of diffuse b-amyloid deposits into amyloid and enhances tau phosphorylation in neurites around these plaques. Other reports show that clusterin expression is decreased in proliferating cells and is upregulated in quiescent and senescent cells, suggesting that it may also play a role in aging and tumorigenesis suppression. Clusterin exists in at least two distinct isoforms.
Description: Clusterin Antibody: Clusterin, also known as Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), is a ubiquitous multifunctional glycoprotein that can interact with a broad spectrum of molecules such as complement components, various receptors, and the Alzheimer's b-amyloid peptide. Clusterin expression is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue and clusterin-immunoreactive amyloid plaques are found associated with phospho-tau-positive dystrophic neurites and it has been suggested that clusterin facilitates the conversion of diffuse b-amyloid deposits into amyloid and enhances tau phosphorylation in neurites around these plaques. Other reports show that clusterin expression is decreased in proliferating cells and is upregulated in quiescent and senescent cells, suggesting that it may also play a role in aging and tumorigenesis suppression. Clusterin exists in at least two distinct isoforms.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene appears to be involved in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the function of this protein is unknown. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, and one of them is secreted and processed into a mature form.
Description: The protein encoded by this gene appears to be involved in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. However, the function of this protein is unknown. Three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, and one of them is secreted and processed into a mature form.
Description: Clusterin (apolipoprotein J) is a 75 - 80 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis. In humans, clusterin is encoded by the CLU gene. This protein has several synonyms: dimeric acidic glycoprotein (DAG protein), testosterone repressed prostate message-2 (TRPM-2), sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) and complement lysis inhibitor (CLI). Clusterin was mapped to mouse chromosome 14. Clusterin is a ubiquitously expressed molecule thought to influence a variety of processes including cell death. In the brain, it accumulates in dying neurons following seizures and hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) injury. clusterin may be a new therapeutic target to modulate non-caspase-dependent neuronal death following acute brain injury.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Canine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Porcine Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Goat Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Human Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Mouse Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Rabbit Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A competitive ELISA for quantitative measurement of Monkey Clusterin in samples from blood, plasma, serum, cell culture supernatant and other biological fluids. This is a high quality ELISA kit developped for optimal performance with samples from the particular species.
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Clusterin . This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: Clusterin is a secreted protein which belongs to the Clusterin family. Clusterin is expressed in adult testis, heart, ovary, adrenal gland, brain and liver. Clusterin has been suggested to be involved in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition,Clusterin is up/ down regulated on the mRNA or protein level in many pathological and clinically relevant situations including cancer, organ regeneration, infection, Alzheimer disease, retinitis pigmentosa, myocardial infarction, renal tubular damage, autoimmunity and others.
Description: Clusterin is a secreted protein which belongs to the Clusterin family. Clusterin is expressed in adult testis, heart, ovary, adrenal gland, brain and liver. Clusterin has been suggested to be involved in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition,Clusterin is up/ down regulated on the mRNA or protein level in many pathological and clinically relevant situations including cancer, organ regeneration, infection, Alzheimer disease, retinitis pigmentosa, myocardial infarction, renal tubular damage, autoimmunity and others.
Description: Clusterin(CLU) is a secreted protein which belongs to the clusterin family. It is also a 75 - 80 kDa disulfide-linked heterodimeric protein associated with the clearance of cellular debris and apoptosis. Clusterin is an enigmatic glycoprotein with a nearly ubiquitous tissue distribution and an apparent involvement in biological processes ranging from mammary gland involution to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Its major form, a heterodimer, is secreted and present in physiological fluids, but truncated forms targeted to the nucleus have also been identified. It is a widely distributed glycoprotein with a wide range of biologic properties. A prominent and defining feature of clusterin is its marked induction in such disease states as glomerulonephritis, cystic renal disease, renal tubular injury, neurodegenerative conditions, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction. Upregulation of clusterin mRNA and protein levels detected in diverse disease states and in in vitro systems have led to suggestions that it functions in membrane lipid recycling, in apoptotic cell death, and as a stress-induced secreted chaperone protein, amongst others.
Description: Clusterin (CLU) is also known as dimeric acidic glycoprotein (DAG protein), testosterone repressed prostate message-2 (TRPM-2), sulfated glycoprotein-2 (SGP-2) and complement lysis inhibitor (CLI), is a secreted multifunctional glycoprotein protein which belongs to the clusterin family. Intracellular cleavages of the precursor of clusterin remove the signal peptide and generate comparably sized α and β chains which are secreted as an 80 kDa Nglycosylated disulfidelinked heterodimer. DAG protein is predominantly expressed in adult testis, ovary, adrenal gland, liver, heart, and brain and in many epithelial tissues during embryonic development. Clusterin involve in several basic biological events such as cell death, tumor progression, and neurodegenerative disorders. Upregulation of clusterin mRNA and protein levels detected in diverse disease states and in in vitro systems have led to suggestions that it functions in membrane lipid recycling, in apoptotic cell death, and as a stress-induced secreted chaperone protein, amongst others.
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Clusterin from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Clusterin antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Clusterin at AA range: 370-450
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Clusterin from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Clusterin antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Clusterin at AA range: 370-450
Description: A polyclonal antibody for detection of Clusterin from Human, Mouse, Rat. This Clusterin antibody is for WB, IHC-P, IF, ELISA. It is affinity-purified from rabbit antiserum by affinity-chromatography using epitope-specific immunogenand is unconjugated. The antibody is produced in rabbit by using as an immunogen synthesized peptide derived from the C-terminal region of human Clusterin at AA range: 370-450
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Clusterin from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA
Description: A Rabbit Polyclonal antibody against Clusterin from Human/Mouse/Rat. This antibody is tested and validated for WB, ELISA, IHC, IF, WB, ELISA
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: A sandwich quantitative ELISA assay kit for detection of Rat Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates or other biological fluids.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Pig Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativesandwich ELISA kit for measuring Pig Clusterin(CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Dog clusterin, CLU in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitative competitive ELISA kit for measuring Dog clusterin, CLU in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: Quantitativecompetitive ELISA kit for measuring Rat Clusterin, CLU in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. A new trial version of the kit, which allows you to test the kit in your application at a reasonable price.
Description: Quantitativecompetitive ELISA kit for measuring Rat Clusterin, CLU in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. Now available in a cost efficient pack of 5 plates of 96 wells each, conveniently packed along with the other reagents in 5 separate kits.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Dog Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Dog Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Pig Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Pig Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: This is Double-antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of Rat Clusterin (CLU) in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on the Double-antibody Sandwich method for detection of Rat Clusterin (CLU) in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates, cell lysates, cell culture supernates and other biological fluids with no significant corss-reactivity with analogues from other species.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Dog Clusterin in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
Description: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for quantification of Rat Clusterin in samples from serum, plasma, tissue homogenates and other biological fluids.
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Necrotic lesions of malefic tissue on the surface disinfested seedlings with 0.4% NaOCl for 1 minute and malefic disinfected tissue is grown on potato dextrose agar (250 g potato, dextrose 15 g, agar 15 g, distilled water -1 liter). A Fusarium sp. consistently isolated from tissues malefic, which is purified using a single spore culture. Carnations so that the leaves are used to further the cultural identification
