Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), a native of Iowa prairie grass, cultivated for forage and biomass production. During the 1990s, biomass and seeds result from switchgrass grown in southern Iowa began to decline, and the reduction has been associated with an unidentified illness. In 1999, many of the plants in the fields previously-inferior results were stunted and bloom prematurely.
Glumes have purple pigmentation as usual, and grains have been replaced by fungal spores. A smut fungus identified as Tilletia maclaganii (Berk.) G.P. Clinton (1) was associated consistently with a field that produces bad. Teliospores red-orange when immature and turn brown as they mature. Teliospores round to slightly irregular, ≈18 to 25 pM diameter, finely verrucose, with thick exospore. Completely sterile cells are also present. T. maclaganii infect switchgrass and has been previously reported in Iowa (2), although only occasionally in the country’s native switchgrass.
The prevalence and incidence of disease were surveyed at the end of August 1999. A weighted random sampling procedure used to select the field of switchgrass production from 60 fields involved in the Chariton Valley Biomass Project. Fields are located in Appanoose, Lucas, Monroe and Wayne counties in southern Iowa. The sampling procedure was designed so that the probability of each of the selected field is proportional to its area. This resulted in samples taken from 17 fields representing ≈50% of the total of 60 fields.
All field samples are planted with dominant cultivars, Cave-in-Rock. In every field, five samples of 1-m2 (≈60 250 seedlings) were taken from arbitrary points. Nasty incident (the percentage of seedlings with smut) was calculated for each sample. Smut was found in 15 of 17 areas. We estimate that 50-82% of switchgrass production area in the district filled with T. maclaganii. The mean incidence of nasty estimated 10.1% of all the chicks in the area. Incidents in the respective field ranged from 0 to 70%. The fields with incidence> 50% produce less than half of the expected biomass. Some seed-production fields infested with a total loss in 1999. This disease presents a serious threat to the cultivation of switchgrass for biomass production in southern Iowa.
The disease cycle for T. maclaganii is poorly documented, but because switchgrass is a perennial species, there is a possibility that the affected areas will have a recurring epidemic. Other cultivar susceptibility is unknown but needs to be investigated. References: (1) G. W. Fischer. 1953. Manual North America Smut Fungi. Ronald Press, NY. (2) J. C. Gilman and W. A. Archer. Mushrooms of Iowa parasites on plants
Outbreak of Smut Caused by Tilletia maclaganii on Cultivated Switchgrass in Iowa.
The first report Walnut Canker Caused by Fusarium incarnatum of India.
While screening newly introduced cultivars of walnut (Juglans regia) in Bhaderwah (Mini Kashmir), Jammu and Kashmir, India in September 2008, 60% of grafted plants was found dying of malefic growth observed in seedling stems.
Then, this phenomenon extended to the lateral branches. In the nurseries surveyed, cvs. SKU 0002 and Opex Dachaubaria that are affected by this disease. Cancer is also observed across all walnut nursery in an area with some wild seedlings are also being observed will exhibit symptoms similar malefic on the trunk and branches.
Description: Clusterin Antibody: Clusterin, also known as Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), is a ubiquitous multifunctional glycoprotein that can interact with a broad spectrum of molecules such as complement components, various receptors, and the Alzheimer's b-amyloid peptide. Clusterin expression is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue and clusterin-immunoreactive amyloid plaques are found associated with phospho-tau-positive dystrophic neurites and it has been suggested that clusterin facilitates the conversion of diffuse b-amyloid deposits into amyloid and enhances tau phosphorylation in neurites around these plaques. Other reports show that clusterin expression is decreased in proliferating cells and is upregulated in quiescent and senescent cells, suggesting that it may also play a role in aging and tumorigenesis suppression. Clusterin exists in at least two distinct isoforms.
Description: Clusterin Antibody: Clusterin, also known as Apolipoprotein J (ApoJ), is a ubiquitous multifunctional glycoprotein that can interact with a broad spectrum of molecules such as complement components, various receptors, and the Alzheimer's b-amyloid peptide. Clusterin expression is increased in Alzheimer's disease brain tissue and clusterin-immunoreactive amyloid plaques are found associated with phospho-tau-positive dystrophic neurites and it has been suggested that clusterin facilitates the conversion of diffuse b-amyloid deposits into amyloid and enhances tau phosphorylation in neurites around these plaques. Other reports show that clusterin expression is decreased in proliferating cells and is upregulated in quiescent and senescent cells, suggesting that it may also play a role in aging and tumorigenesis suppression. Clusterin exists in at least two distinct isoforms.
Necrotic lesions of malefic tissue on the surface disinfested seedlings with 0.4% NaOCl for 1 minute and malefic disinfected tissue is grown on potato dextrose agar (250 g potato, dextrose 15 g, agar 15 g, distilled water -1 liter). A Fusarium sp. consistently isolated from tissues malefic, which is purified using a single spore culture. Carnations so that the leaves are used to further the cultural identification
